Application security focuses on protecting software from vulnerabilities and threats throughout its lifecycle. Best practices include input validation, authentication, access control, secure coding, and regular security testing to prevent attacks like SQL injection and cross-site scripting (XSS).

Ethical hacking involves legally testing systems for vulnerabilities to strengthen security. Techniques include penetration testing, social engineering, network scanning, and exploiting known weaknesses—helping organizations identify and fix security flaws before attackers do.

Data Science with Python involves using libraries like Pandas, NumPy, Matplotlib, and Scikit-learn to analyze, visualize, and model data. Python’s simplicity and rich ecosystem make it a powerful tool for data cleaning, statistical analysis, machine learning, and building data-driven applications.

Backend development with Node.js involves building fast, scalable server-side applications using JavaScript. Node.js uses an event-driven, non-blocking I/O model, making it ideal for real-time applications like APIs, chat apps, and microservices. Popular frameworks include Express.js and NestJS.

Fullstack development combines frontend and backend skills to build complete web applications. Developers use technologies like HTML, CSS, JavaScript, React (frontend), and Node.js, Express, and databases like MongoDB or PostgreSQL (backend) to deliver end-to-end solutions.

Network security involves protecting computer networks from unauthorized access, misuse, or attacks. Key practices include firewalls, intrusion detection systems, encryption, and secure protocols. These measures ensure data confidentiality, integrity, and availability across digital systems.

Building responsive UIs involves creating web interfaces that adapt seamlessly to different screen sizes and devices. Frontend technologies like HTML, CSS (Flexbox, Grid), and JavaScript frameworks (React, Vue) are used to ensure accessibility, performance, and a consistent user experience across platforms.